diff --git a/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightClient.js b/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightClient.js
index 12c9528b8de6..20aa8ce8f9a3 100644
--- a/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightClient.js
+++ b/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightClient.js
@@ -359,6 +359,7 @@ type Response = {
   _stringDecoder: StringDecoder,
   _closed: boolean,
   _closedReason: mixed,
+  _allowPartialStream: boolean,
   _tempRefs: void | TemporaryReferenceSet, // the set temporary references can be resolved from
   _timeOrigin: number, // Profiling-only
   _pendingInitialRender: null | TimeoutID, // Profiling-only,
@@ -552,7 +553,7 @@ function moveDebugInfoFromChunkToInnerValue<T>(
         resolvedValue._debugInfo,
         debugInfo,
       );
-    } else {
+    } else if (!Object.isFrozen(resolvedValue)) {
       Object.defineProperty((resolvedValue: any), '_debugInfo', {
         configurable: false,
         enumerable: false,
@@ -560,6 +561,11 @@ function moveDebugInfoFromChunkToInnerValue<T>(
         value: debugInfo,
       });
     }
+    // TODO: If the resolved value is a frozen element (e.g. a client-created
+    // element from a temporary reference, or a JSX element exported as a client
+    // reference), server debug info is currently dropped because the element
+    // can't be mutated. We should probably clone the element so each rendering
+    // context gets its own mutable copy with the correct debug info.
   }
 }
 
@@ -1451,9 +1457,19 @@ function getChunk(response: Response, id: number): SomeChunk<any> {
   let chunk = chunks.get(id);
   if (!chunk) {
     if (response._closed) {
-      // We have already errored the response and we're not going to get
-      // anything more streaming in so this will immediately error.
-      chunk = createErrorChunk(response, response._closedReason);
+      if (response._allowPartialStream) {
+        // For partial streams, chunks accessed after close should be HALTED
+        // (never resolve).
+        chunk = createPendingChunk(response);
+        const haltedChunk: HaltedChunk<any> = (chunk: any);
+        haltedChunk.status = HALTED;
+        haltedChunk.value = null;
+        haltedChunk.reason = null;
+      } else {
+        // We have already errored the response and we're not going to get
+        // anything more streaming in so this will immediately error.
+        chunk = createErrorChunk(response, response._closedReason);
+      }
     } else {
       chunk = createPendingChunk(response);
     }
@@ -2650,6 +2666,7 @@ function ResponseInstance(
   encodeFormAction: void | EncodeFormActionCallback,
   nonce: void | string,
   temporaryReferences: void | TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  allowPartialStream: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL: void | FindSourceMapURLCallback, // DEV-only
   replayConsole: boolean, // DEV-only
   environmentName: void | string, // DEV-only
@@ -2669,6 +2686,7 @@ function ResponseInstance(
   this._fromJSON = (null: any);
   this._closed = false;
   this._closedReason = null;
+  this._allowPartialStream = allowPartialStream;
   this._tempRefs = temporaryReferences;
   if (enableProfilerTimer && enableComponentPerformanceTrack) {
     this._timeOrigin = 0;
@@ -2762,6 +2780,7 @@ export function createResponse(
   encodeFormAction: void | EncodeFormActionCallback,
   nonce: void | string,
   temporaryReferences: void | TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  allowPartialStream: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL: void | FindSourceMapURLCallback, // DEV-only
   replayConsole: boolean, // DEV-only
   environmentName: void | string, // DEV-only
@@ -2787,6 +2806,7 @@ export function createResponse(
       encodeFormAction,
       nonce,
       temporaryReferences,
+      allowPartialStream,
       findSourceMapURL,
       replayConsole,
       environmentName,
@@ -2900,7 +2920,9 @@ function addAsyncInfo(chunk: SomeChunk<any>, asyncInfo: ReactAsyncInfo): void {
     if (isArray(value._debugInfo)) {
       // $FlowFixMe[method-unbinding]
       value._debugInfo.push(asyncInfo);
-    } else {
+    } else if (!Object.isFrozen(value)) {
+      // TODO: Debug info is dropped for frozen elements. See the TODO in
+      // moveDebugInfoFromChunkToInnerValue.
       Object.defineProperty((value: any), '_debugInfo', {
         configurable: false,
         enumerable: false,
@@ -5236,11 +5258,45 @@ function createFromJSONCallback(response: Response) {
 }
 
 export function close(weakResponse: WeakResponse): void {
-  // In case there are any remaining unresolved chunks, they won't
-  // be resolved now. So we need to issue an error to those.
-  // Ideally we should be able to early bail out if we kept a
-  // ref count of pending chunks.
-  reportGlobalError(weakResponse, new Error('Connection closed.'));
+  // In case there are any remaining unresolved chunks, they won't be resolved
+  // now. So we either error or halt them depending on whether partial streams
+  // are allowed.
+  // TODO: Ideally we should be able to bail out early if we kept a ref count of
+  // pending chunks.
+  if (hasGCedResponse(weakResponse)) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const response = unwrapWeakResponse(weakResponse);
+  if (response._allowPartialStream) {
+    // For partial streams, we halt pending chunks instead of erroring them.
+    response._closed = true;
+    response._chunks.forEach(chunk => {
+      if (chunk.status === PENDING) {
+        // Clear listeners to release closures and transition to HALTED.
+        // Future .then() calls on HALTED chunks are no-ops.
+        releasePendingChunk(response, chunk);
+        const haltedChunk: HaltedChunk<any> = (chunk: any);
+        haltedChunk.status = HALTED;
+        haltedChunk.value = null;
+        haltedChunk.reason = null;
+      } else if (chunk.status === INITIALIZED && chunk.reason !== null) {
+        // Stream chunk - close gracefully instead of erroring.
+        chunk.reason.close('"$undefined"');
+      }
+    });
+    if (__DEV__) {
+      const debugChannel = response._debugChannel;
+      if (debugChannel !== undefined) {
+        closeDebugChannel(debugChannel);
+        response._debugChannel = undefined;
+        if (debugChannelRegistry !== null) {
+          debugChannelRegistry.unregister(response);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    reportGlobalError(weakResponse, new Error('Connection closed.'));
+  }
 }
 
 function getCurrentOwnerInDEV(): null | ReactComponentInfo {
diff --git a/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightReplyClient.js b/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightReplyClient.js
index 0661f7824650..56f60d3623c9 100644
--- a/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightReplyClient.js
+++ b/packages/react-client/src/ReactFlightReplyClient.js
@@ -429,6 +429,14 @@ export function processReply(
               return serializeTemporaryReferenceMarker();
             }
           }
+          // This element is the root of a serializeModel call (e.g. JSX
+          // passed directly to encodeReply, or a promise that resolved to
+          // JSX). It was already registered as a temporary reference by
+          // serializeModel so we just need to emit the marker.
+          if (temporaryReferences !== undefined && modelRoot === value) {
+            modelRoot = null;
+            return serializeTemporaryReferenceMarker();
+          }
           throw new Error(
             'React Element cannot be passed to Server Functions from the Client without a ' +
               'temporary reference set. Pass a TemporaryReferenceSet to the options.' +
diff --git a/packages/react-client/src/__tests__/ReactFlight-test.js b/packages/react-client/src/__tests__/ReactFlight-test.js
index 0c482f72cdc5..45a8c74ee28e 100644
--- a/packages/react-client/src/__tests__/ReactFlight-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-client/src/__tests__/ReactFlight-test.js
@@ -2820,7 +2820,8 @@ describe('ReactFlight', () => {
             ]
           : undefined,
       );
-      expect(getDebugInfo(thirdPartyChildren[2])).toEqual(
+      const fragment = thirdPartyChildren[2];
+      expect(getDebugInfo(fragment)).toEqual(
         __DEV__
           ? [
               {time: gate(flags => flags.enableAsyncDebugInfo) ? 54 : 22},
@@ -2835,6 +2836,9 @@ describe('ReactFlight', () => {
             ]
           : undefined,
       );
+      expect(getDebugInfo(fragment.props.children[0])).toEqual(
+        __DEV__ ? null : undefined,
+      );
       ReactNoop.render(result);
     });
 
@@ -2847,6 +2851,61 @@ describe('ReactFlight', () => {
     );
   });
 
+  it('preserves debug info for keyed Fragment', async () => {
+    function App() {
+      return ReactServer.createElement(
+        ReactServer.Fragment,
+        {key: 'app'},
+        ReactServer.createElement('h1', null, 'App'),
+        ReactServer.createElement('div', null, 'Child'),
+      );
+    }
+
+    const transport = ReactNoopFlightServer.render(
+      ReactServer.createElement(
+        ReactServer.Fragment,
+        null,
+        ReactServer.createElement('link', {key: 'styles'}),
+        ReactServer.createElement(App, null),
+      ),
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      const root = await ReactNoopFlightClient.read(transport);
+
+      const fragment = root[1];
+      expect(getDebugInfo(fragment)).toEqual(
+        __DEV__
+          ? [
+              {time: 12},
+              {
+                name: 'App',
+                env: 'Server',
+                key: null,
+                stack: '    in Object.<anonymous> (at **)',
+                props: {},
+              },
+              {time: 13},
+            ]
+          : undefined,
+      );
+      // Making sure debug info doesn't get added multiple times on Fragment children
+      expect(getDebugInfo(fragment[0])).toEqual(__DEV__ ? null : undefined);
+      const fragmentChild = fragment[0].props.children[0];
+      expect(getDebugInfo(fragmentChild)).toEqual(__DEV__ ? null : undefined);
+
+      ReactNoop.render(root);
+    });
+
+    expect(ReactNoop).toMatchRenderedOutput(
+      <>
+        <link />
+        <h1>App</h1>
+        <div>Child</div>
+      </>,
+    );
+  });
+
   // @gate enableAsyncIterableChildren && enableComponentPerformanceTrack
   it('preserves debug info for server-to-server pass through of async iterables', async () => {
     let resolve;
@@ -3941,4 +4000,61 @@ describe('ReactFlight', () => {
     const model = await ReactNoopFlightClient.read(transport);
     expect(model.element.key).toBe(React.optimisticKey);
   });
+
+  it('can use a JSX element exported as a client reference in multiple server components', async () => {
+    const ClientReference = clientReference(React.createElement('span'));
+
+    function Foo() {
+      return ClientReference;
+    }
+
+    function Bar() {
+      return ClientReference;
+    }
+
+    function App() {
+      return ReactServer.createElement(
+        'div',
+        null,
+        ReactServer.createElement(Foo),
+        ReactServer.createElement(Bar),
+      );
+    }
+
+    const transport = ReactNoopFlightServer.render(
+      ReactServer.createElement(App),
+    );
+
+    await act(async () => {
+      const result = await ReactNoopFlightClient.read(transport);
+      ReactNoop.render(result);
+
+      if (__DEV__) {
+        // TODO: Debug info is dropped for frozen elements (client-created JSX
+        // exported as a client reference in this case). Ideally we'd clone the
+        // element so that each context gets its own mutable copy with correct
+        // debug info. When fixed, foo should have Foo's debug info and bar should
+        // have Bar's debug info.
+        const [foo, bar] = result.props.children;
+        expect(getDebugInfo(foo)).toBe(null);
+        expect(getDebugInfo(bar)).toBe(null);
+      }
+    });
+
+    // TODO: With cloning, each context would get its own element copy, so this
+    // key warning should go away.
+    assertConsoleErrorDev([
+      'Each child in a list should have a unique "key" prop.\n\n' +
+        'Check the top-level render call using <div>. ' +
+        'See https://react.dev/link/warning-keys for more information.\n' +
+        '    in span (at **)',
+    ]);
+
+    expect(ReactNoop).toMatchRenderedOutput(
+      <div>
+        <span />
+        <span />
+      </div>,
+    );
+  });
 });
diff --git a/packages/react-devtools-shared/src/__tests__/store-test.js b/packages/react-devtools-shared/src/__tests__/store-test.js
index 8c9beb185443..5e39a0fe68f9 100644
--- a/packages/react-devtools-shared/src/__tests__/store-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-devtools-shared/src/__tests__/store-test.js
@@ -2827,6 +2827,40 @@ describe('Store', () => {
       `);
   });
 
+  // @reactVersion >= 19.0
+  it('does not duplicate Server Component parents in keyed Fragments', async () => {
+    // TODO: Use an actual Flight renderer.
+    // See ReactFlight-test for the produced JSX from Flight.
+    function ClientComponent() {
+      return null;
+    }
+    // This used to be a keyed Fragment on the Server.
+    const children = [<ClientComponent key="app" />];
+    children._debugInfo = [
+      {time: 12},
+      {
+        name: 'App',
+        env: 'Server',
+        key: null,
+        stack: '    in Object.<anonymous> (at **)',
+        props: {},
+      },
+      {time: 13},
+    ];
+
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+    const root = ReactDOMClient.createRoot(container);
+    await actAsync(() => {
+      root.render([children]);
+    });
+
+    expect(store).toMatchInlineSnapshot(`
+      [root]
+        ▾ <App> [Server]
+            <ClientComponent key="app">
+    `);
+  });
+
   // @reactVersion >= 17.0
   it('can reconcile Suspense in fallback positions', async () => {
     let resolveFallback;
diff --git a/packages/react-markup/src/ReactMarkupServer.js b/packages/react-markup/src/ReactMarkupServer.js
index 95a5ce51c3e1..43e258bf13ef 100644
--- a/packages/react-markup/src/ReactMarkupServer.js
+++ b/packages/react-markup/src/ReactMarkupServer.js
@@ -89,6 +89,7 @@ export function experimental_renderToHTML(
       noServerCallOrFormAction,
       undefined,
       undefined,
+      false,
       undefined,
       false,
       undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoopFlightClient.js b/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoopFlightClient.js
index 45edbd6f0030..a5c43bd65259 100644
--- a/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoopFlightClient.js
+++ b/packages/react-noop-renderer/src/ReactNoopFlightClient.js
@@ -71,6 +71,7 @@ function read<T>(source: Source, options: ReadOptions): Thenable<T> {
     undefined,
     undefined,
     undefined,
+    false,
     options !== undefined ? options.findSourceMapURL : undefined,
     true,
     undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
index 2a726447263c..42f1b70918d3 100644
--- a/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
+++ b/packages/react-reconciler/src/ReactChildFiber.js
@@ -789,6 +789,7 @@ function createChildReconciler(
           // We treat the parent as the owner for stack purposes.
           created._debugOwner = returnFiber;
           created._debugTask = returnFiber._debugTask;
+          // Make sure to not push again when handling the Fragment child.
           const prevDebugInfo = pushDebugInfo(newChild._debugInfo);
           created._debugInfo = currentDebugInfo;
           currentDebugInfo = prevDebugInfo;
@@ -1915,26 +1916,26 @@ function createChildReconciler(
       }
 
       if (isArray(newChild)) {
-        const prevDebugInfo = pushDebugInfo(newChild._debugInfo);
+        // We created a Fragment for this child with the debug info.
+        // No need to push again.
         const firstChild = reconcileChildrenArray(
           returnFiber,
           currentFirstChild,
           newChild,
           lanes,
         );
-        currentDebugInfo = prevDebugInfo;
         return firstChild;
       }
 
       if (getIteratorFn(newChild)) {
-        const prevDebugInfo = pushDebugInfo(newChild._debugInfo);
+        // We created a Fragment for this child with the debug info.
+        // No need to push again.
         const firstChild = reconcileChildrenIteratable(
           returnFiber,
           currentFirstChild,
           newChild,
           lanes,
         );
-        currentDebugInfo = prevDebugInfo;
         return firstChild;
       }
 
@@ -1942,14 +1943,14 @@ function createChildReconciler(
         enableAsyncIterableChildren &&
         typeof newChild[ASYNC_ITERATOR] === 'function'
       ) {
-        const prevDebugInfo = pushDebugInfo(newChild._debugInfo);
+        // We created a Fragment for this child with the debug info.
+        // No need to push again.
         const firstChild = reconcileChildrenAsyncIteratable(
           returnFiber,
           currentFirstChild,
           newChild,
           lanes,
         );
-        currentDebugInfo = prevDebugInfo;
         return firstChild;
       }
 
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js b/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
index ee2475287d03..1c07d4369b85 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
@@ -49,6 +49,7 @@ export type Options = {
   callServer?: CallServerCallback,
   debugChannel?: {writable?: WritableStream, readable?: ReadableStream, ...},
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -98,6 +99,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: void | Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js b/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
index ae11dc29bfff..e9692997dd7c 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-esm/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
@@ -54,6 +54,7 @@ type EncodeFormActionCallback = <A>(
 export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ function createFromNodeStream<T>(
     options ? options.encodeFormAction : undefined,
     options && typeof options.nonce === 'string' ? options.nonce : undefined,
     undefined, // TODO: If encodeReply is supported, this should support temporaryReferences
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
index b304d442046d..a034a460f809 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
@@ -124,6 +124,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: void | Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ ? findSourceMapURL : undefined,
     __DEV__ ? (options ? options.replayConsoleLogs !== false : true) : false, // defaults to true
     __DEV__ && options && options.environmentName
@@ -207,6 +210,7 @@ function startReadingFromStream(
 export type Options = {
   debugChannel?: {writable?: WritableStream, readable?: ReadableStream, ...},
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
   startTime?: number,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
index f58f8534348e..57afee2e914c 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
@@ -77,6 +77,7 @@ export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
   startTime?: number,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options?: Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ ? findSourceMapURL : undefined,
     __DEV__ && options ? options.replayConsoleLogs === true : false, // defaults to false
     __DEV__ && options && options.environmentName
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
index e8716bdc6bb9..941ca67dcfa1 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-parcel/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
@@ -50,6 +50,7 @@ type EncodeFormActionCallback = <A>(
 export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
   startTime?: number,
@@ -97,6 +98,9 @@ export function createFromNodeStream<T>(
     options ? options.encodeFormAction : undefined,
     options && typeof options.nonce === 'string' ? options.nonce : undefined,
     undefined, // TODO: If encodeReply is supported, this should support temporaryReferences
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ ? findSourceMapURL : undefined,
     __DEV__ && options ? options.replayConsoleLogs === true : false, // defaults to false
     __DEV__ && options && options.environmentName
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
index 0bf615001982..c38d5fd05133 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ export type Options = {
   callServer?: CallServerCallback,
   debugChannel?: {writable?: WritableStream, readable?: ReadableStream, ...},
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -97,6 +98,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: void | Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
index c6dd4ee94ad1..6b781f897fc1 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
index 8863b1bf1c66..7aff35e85da5 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-turbopack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ type EncodeFormActionCallback = <A>(
 export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -106,6 +107,9 @@ function createFromNodeStream<T>(
     options ? options.encodeFormAction : undefined,
     options && typeof options.nonce === 'string' ? options.nonce : undefined,
     undefined, // TODO: If encodeReply is supported, this should support temporaryReferences
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js b/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
index 2cf668f679d3..8bcdcdbfe0d2 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js b/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
index 8863b1bf1c66..7aff35e85da5 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-unbundled/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ type EncodeFormActionCallback = <A>(
 export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -106,6 +107,9 @@ function createFromNodeStream<T>(
     options ? options.encodeFormAction : undefined,
     options && typeof options.nonce === 'string' ? options.nonce : undefined,
     undefined, // TODO: If encodeReply is supported, this should support temporaryReferences
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMBrowser-test.js b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMBrowser-test.js
index 1399effbc1ec..d7ec51780a19 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMBrowser-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMBrowser-test.js
@@ -2504,6 +2504,171 @@ describe('ReactFlightDOMBrowser', () => {
     expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('');
   });
 
+  it('renders Suspense fallback for unresolved promises with unstable_allowPartialStream', async () => {
+    let resolveGreeting;
+    const greetingPromise = new Promise(resolve => {
+      resolveGreeting = resolve;
+    });
+
+    function App() {
+      return (
+        <Suspense fallback="loading...">
+          <Greeting />
+        </Suspense>
+      );
+    }
+
+    async function Greeting() {
+      const greeting = await greetingPromise;
+      return greeting;
+    }
+
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const {pendingResult} = await serverAct(async () => {
+      return {
+        pendingResult: ReactServerDOMStaticServer.prerender(
+          <App />,
+          webpackMap,
+          {
+            signal: controller.signal,
+          },
+        ),
+      };
+    });
+
+    controller.abort();
+    resolveGreeting('Hello, World!');
+    const {prelude} = await serverAct(() => pendingResult);
+
+    function ClientRoot({response}) {
+      return use(response);
+    }
+
+    const response = ReactServerDOMClient.createFromReadableStream(
+      passThrough(prelude),
+      {
+        unstable_allowPartialStream: true,
+      },
+    );
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+    const errors = [];
+    const root = ReactDOMClient.createRoot(container, {
+      onUncaughtError(err) {
+        errors.push(err);
+      },
+    });
+
+    await act(() => {
+      root.render(<ClientRoot response={response} />);
+    });
+
+    // With `unstable_allowPartialStream`, we should see the fallback instead of a
+    // 'Connection closed.' error
+    expect(errors).toEqual([]);
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('loading...');
+  });
+
+  it('renders client components that are blocked on chunks with unstable_allowPartialStream', async () => {
+    let resolveClientComponentChunk;
+
+    const ClientComponent = clientExports(
+      function ClientComponent({children}) {
+        return <div>{children}</div>;
+      },
+      '42',
+      '/test.js',
+      new Promise(resolve => (resolveClientComponentChunk = resolve)),
+    );
+
+    function App() {
+      return <ClientComponent>Hello, World!</ClientComponent>;
+    }
+
+    const controller = new AbortController();
+    const {pendingResult} = await serverAct(async () => {
+      return {
+        pendingResult: ReactServerDOMStaticServer.prerender(
+          <App />,
+          webpackMap,
+          {
+            signal: controller.signal,
+          },
+        ),
+      };
+    });
+
+    controller.abort();
+    const {prelude} = await serverAct(() => pendingResult);
+
+    function ClientRoot({response}) {
+      return use(response);
+    }
+
+    const response = ReactServerDOMClient.createFromReadableStream(
+      passThrough(prelude),
+      {
+        unstable_allowPartialStream: true,
+      },
+    );
+    const container = document.createElement('div');
+    const root = ReactDOMClient.createRoot(container);
+
+    await act(() => {
+      root.render(<ClientRoot response={response} />);
+    });
+
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('');
+
+    await act(() => {
+      resolveClientComponentChunk();
+    });
+
+    expect(container.innerHTML).toBe('<div>Hello, World!</div>');
+  });
+
+  it('closes inner ReadableStreams gracefully with unstable_allowPartialStream', async () => {
+    let streamController;
+    const innerStream = new ReadableStream({
+      start(c) {
+        streamController = c;
+      },
+    });
+
+    const abortController = new AbortController();
+    const {pendingResult} = await serverAct(async () => {
+      streamController.enqueue({hello: 'world'});
+      return {
+        pendingResult: ReactServerDOMStaticServer.prerender(
+          {stream: innerStream},
+          webpackMap,
+          {
+            signal: abortController.signal,
+          },
+        ),
+      };
+    });
+
+    abortController.abort();
+    const {prelude} = await serverAct(() => pendingResult);
+
+    const response = await ReactServerDOMClient.createFromReadableStream(
+      passThrough(prelude),
+      {
+        unstable_allowPartialStream: true,
+      },
+    );
+
+    // The inner stream should be readable up to what was enqueued.
+    const reader = response.stream.getReader();
+    const {value, done} = await reader.read();
+    expect(value).toEqual({hello: 'world'});
+    expect(done).toBe(false);
+
+    // The next read should signal the stream is done (closed, not errored).
+    const final = await reader.read();
+    expect(final.done).toBe(true);
+  });
+
   it('can dedupe references inside promises', async () => {
     const foo = {};
     const bar = {
@@ -2902,9 +3067,9 @@ describe('ReactFlightDOMBrowser', () => {
               [
                 "Object.<anonymous>",
                 "/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMBrowser-test.js",
-                2824,
+                2989,
                 19,
-                2808,
+                2973,
                 89,
               ],
             ],
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMReply-test.js b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMReply-test.js
index 409718973be9..77ae692e9800 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMReply-test.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/__tests__/ReactFlightDOMReply-test.js
@@ -394,6 +394,74 @@ describe('ReactFlightDOMReply', () => {
     expect(response.children).toBe(children);
   });
 
+  it('can pass JSX as root model through a round trip using temporary references', async () => {
+    const jsx = <div />;
+
+    const temporaryReferences =
+      ReactServerDOMClient.createTemporaryReferenceSet();
+    const body = await ReactServerDOMClient.encodeReply(jsx, {
+      temporaryReferences,
+    });
+
+    const temporaryReferencesServer =
+      ReactServerDOMServer.createTemporaryReferenceSet();
+    const serverPayload = await ReactServerDOMServer.decodeReply(
+      body,
+      webpackServerMap,
+      {temporaryReferences: temporaryReferencesServer},
+    );
+    const stream = await serverAct(() =>
+      ReactServerDOMServer.renderToReadableStream(serverPayload, null, {
+        temporaryReferences: temporaryReferencesServer,
+      }),
+    );
+    const response = await ReactServerDOMClient.createFromReadableStream(
+      stream,
+      {
+        temporaryReferences,
+      },
+    );
+
+    // This should be the same reference that we already saw.
+    await expect(response).toBe(jsx);
+  });
+
+  it('can pass a promise that resolves to JSX through a round trip using temporary references', async () => {
+    const jsx = <div />;
+    const promise = Promise.resolve(jsx);
+
+    const temporaryReferences =
+      ReactServerDOMClient.createTemporaryReferenceSet();
+    const body = await ReactServerDOMClient.encodeReply(
+      {promise},
+      {
+        temporaryReferences,
+      },
+    );
+
+    const temporaryReferencesServer =
+      ReactServerDOMServer.createTemporaryReferenceSet();
+    const serverPayload = await ReactServerDOMServer.decodeReply(
+      body,
+      webpackServerMap,
+      {temporaryReferences: temporaryReferencesServer},
+    );
+    const stream = await serverAct(() =>
+      ReactServerDOMServer.renderToReadableStream(serverPayload, null, {
+        temporaryReferences: temporaryReferencesServer,
+      }),
+    );
+    const response = await ReactServerDOMClient.createFromReadableStream(
+      stream,
+      {
+        temporaryReferences,
+      },
+    );
+
+    // This should resolve to the same reference that we already saw.
+    await expect(response.promise).resolves.toBe(jsx);
+  });
+
   it('can return the same object using temporary references', async () => {
     const obj = {
       this: {is: 'a large object'},
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
index 0bf615001982..c38d5fd05133 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientBrowser.js
@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ export type Options = {
   callServer?: CallServerCallback,
   debugChannel?: {writable?: WritableStream, readable?: ReadableStream, ...},
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -97,6 +98,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: void | Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
index 2cf668f679d3..8bcdcdbfe0d2 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientEdge.js
@@ -76,6 +76,7 @@ export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
   temporaryReferences?: TemporaryReferenceSet,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -104,6 +105,9 @@ function createResponseFromOptions(options: Options) {
     options && options.temporaryReferences
       ? options.temporaryReferences
       : undefined,
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,
diff --git a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
index 8863b1bf1c66..7aff35e85da5 100644
--- a/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
+++ b/packages/react-server-dom-webpack/src/client/ReactFlightDOMClientNode.js
@@ -57,6 +57,7 @@ type EncodeFormActionCallback = <A>(
 export type Options = {
   nonce?: string,
   encodeFormAction?: EncodeFormActionCallback,
+  unstable_allowPartialStream?: boolean,
   findSourceMapURL?: FindSourceMapURLCallback,
   replayConsoleLogs?: boolean,
   environmentName?: string,
@@ -106,6 +107,9 @@ function createFromNodeStream<T>(
     options ? options.encodeFormAction : undefined,
     options && typeof options.nonce === 'string' ? options.nonce : undefined,
     undefined, // TODO: If encodeReply is supported, this should support temporaryReferences
+    options && options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      ? options.unstable_allowPartialStream
+      : false,
     __DEV__ && options && options.findSourceMapURL
       ? options.findSourceMapURL
       : undefined,