diff --git a/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php b/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
index b9bf1942f6..4c62a3c9ac 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/NodeScopeResolver.php
@@ -3493,7 +3493,7 @@ function (MutatingScope $scope) use ($stmt, $expr, $nodeCallback, $context, $sto
 			}
 		} elseif ($expr instanceof Expr\Closure) {
 			$processClosureResult = $this->processClosureNode($stmt, $expr, $scope, $storage, $nodeCallback, $context, null);
-			$scope = $processClosureResult->getScope();
+			$scope = $processClosureResult->applyByRefUseScope($processClosureResult->getScope());
 
 			return new ExpressionResult(
 				$scope,
@@ -5142,7 +5142,7 @@ private function processClosureNode(
 			array_merge($publicStatementResult->getImpurePoints(), $closureImpurePoints),
 		), $closureScope, $storage);
 
-		return new ProcessClosureResult($scope->processClosureScope($closureResultScope, null, $byRefUses), $statementResult->getThrowPoints(), $statementResult->getImpurePoints(), $invalidateExpressions, $isAlwaysTerminating);
+		return new ProcessClosureResult($scope, $statementResult->getThrowPoints(), $statementResult->getImpurePoints(), $invalidateExpressions, $isAlwaysTerminating, $closureResultScope, $byRefUses);
 	}
 
 	/**
@@ -5551,6 +5551,8 @@ private function processArgs(
 		$isAlwaysTerminating = false;
 		/** @var list<array{InvalidateExprNode[], string[]}> $deferredInvalidateExpressions */
 		$deferredInvalidateExpressions = [];
+		/** @var ProcessClosureResult[] $deferredByRefClosureResults */
+		$deferredByRefClosureResults = [];
 		foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
 			$assignByReference = false;
 			$parameter = null;
@@ -5662,6 +5664,7 @@ private function processArgs(
 				}
 
 				$scope = $closureResult->getScope();
+				$deferredByRefClosureResults[] = $closureResult;
 				$invalidateExpressions = $closureResult->getInvalidateExpressions();
 				if ($restoreThisScope !== null) {
 					$nodeFinder = new NodeFinder();
@@ -5753,6 +5756,10 @@ private function processArgs(
 			$scope = $this->processImmediatelyCalledCallable($scope, $invalidateExpressions, $uses);
 		}
 
+		foreach ($deferredByRefClosureResults as $deferredClosureResult) {
+			$scope = $deferredClosureResult->applyByRefUseScope($scope);
+		}
+
 		if ($parameters !== null) {
 			foreach ($args as $i => $arg) {
 				$assignByReference = false;
diff --git a/src/Analyser/ProcessClosureResult.php b/src/Analyser/ProcessClosureResult.php
index 0d90fc1b66..dd6cfa5d26 100644
--- a/src/Analyser/ProcessClosureResult.php
+++ b/src/Analyser/ProcessClosureResult.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace PHPStan\Analyser;
 
+use PhpParser\Node\ClosureUse;
 use PHPStan\Node\InvalidateExprNode;
 
 final class ProcessClosureResult
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ final class ProcessClosureResult
 	 * @param InternalThrowPoint[] $throwPoints
 	 * @param ImpurePoint[] $impurePoints
 	 * @param InvalidateExprNode[] $invalidateExpressions
+	 * @param ClosureUse[] $byRefUses
 	 */
 	public function __construct(
 		private MutatingScope $scope,
@@ -18,6 +20,8 @@ public function __construct(
 		private array $impurePoints,
 		private array $invalidateExpressions,
 		private bool $isAlwaysTerminating,
+		private ?MutatingScope $byRefClosureResultScope = null,
+		private array $byRefUses = [],
 	)
 	{
 	}
@@ -27,6 +31,15 @@ public function getScope(): MutatingScope
 		return $this->scope;
 	}
 
+	public function applyByRefUseScope(MutatingScope $scope): MutatingScope
+	{
+		if ($this->byRefClosureResultScope === null) {
+			return $scope;
+		}
+
+		return $scope->processClosureScope($this->byRefClosureResultScope, null, $this->byRefUses);
+	}
+
 	/**
 	 * @return InternalThrowPoint[]
 	 */
diff --git a/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Methods/data/discussion-14038.php b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Methods/data/discussion-14038.php
index a0c73e05c2..12de156d37 100644
--- a/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Methods/data/discussion-14038.php
+++ b/tests/PHPStan/Rules/Methods/data/discussion-14038.php
@@ -30,3 +30,21 @@ function(): void {
 		);
 	}
 }
+
+class ByRefTest
+{
+	private function foo(callable $c, string $s): void
+	{
+	}
+
+	public function testByRef(): void
+	{
+		$x = 'hello';
+		$this->foo(
+			function() use (&$x): void {
+				$x = 42;
+			},
+			$x,
+		);
+	}
+}