[FEAT] Add general purpose Projectile Motion algorithm (Physics)

[Priyanshu1303d]

This PR adds a new, general-purpose algorithm that calculates the time of flight, horizontal range, and maximum height for a projectile launched from any non-negative initial height in ProjectileMotion.java

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• I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized it.
• All filenames are in PascalCase.
• All functions and variable names follow Java naming conventions.
• All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or other similar explanations.
• All new code is formatted with clang-format -i --style=file src\main\java\com\thealgorithms\physics\ProjectileMotion.java

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This returns all calculated values in a single, convenient Result object. I have run the tests locally, and all cases pass successfully.

[codecov-commenter]

Codecov Report

✅ All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests.
✅ Project coverage is 78.17%. Comparing base (e21aee8) to head (83c8b3c).

Additional details and impacted files

@@             Coverage Diff              @@
##             master    #6928      +/-   ##
============================================
+ Coverage     78.15%   78.17%   +0.02%     
- Complexity     6503     6509       +6     
============================================
  Files           741      742       +1     
  Lines         21675    21697      +22     
  Branches       4236     4237       +1     
============================================
+ Hits          16940    16962      +22     
  Misses         4063     4063              
  Partials        672      672              

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[Priyanshu1303d]

Hello @alxkm @DenizAltunkapan @yanglbme ,

I had to close a couple of previous attempts now re-submitted as PR (#6855) and this PR due to some persistent CI errors that seemed related to older tests inherited from the master branch specifically from MonteCarloIntegrationTest.

So i created these new PRs from fresh branches specifically to resolve those issues and ensure a clean build.

Hoping to get these contributions reviewed and possibly merged for Hacktoberfest! 🎃

Could you please take a look when you have a moment? Thanks so much for your time and help!